Solved!
The issue was my default DNS server failing to resolve Microsoft domains.
Fix for macOS
- Open Apple menu → System Settings
- Click Network in the sidebar
- Select your active network connection (Wi-Fi or Ethernet)
- Click Details
- Click DNS
- Remove existing DNS servers and add:
8.8.8.8(Google Public DNS)8.8.4.4(Google secondary DNS)
- Click OK
After this change, visiting marketplace visualstudio .com in Chrome and using the VS Code Marketplace in Antigravity both work.